Tab Article

Preface
About the Author
List of Symbols with Units

Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 History of Secondary Steelmaking
1.2 Trends in Steel Quality Demands
1.3 Scientific Fundamentals
1.4 Process Control
References

Chapter 2 : Thermodynamic Fundamentals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
2.3 Chemical Equilibrium
2.4 G for Oxide Systems
2.5 Activity - Composition Relationships : Concentrated Solutions
2.6 Activity - Composition Relationships : Dilute Solutions
2.7 Chemical Potential and Equilibrium
2.8 Slag Basicity and Capacities
References

Appendix 2.1
Appendix 2.2
Appendix 2.3
Appendix 2.4

Chapter 3 : Flow Fundamentals
3.1 Basics of Fluid Flow
3.2 Fluid Flow in Steel Melts in Gas-Stirred Ladles
References

Appendix 3.1

Chapter 4 : Mixing, Mass Transfer, and Kinetics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mixing in Steel Melts in Gas-Stirred Ladles
4.3 Kinetics of Reactions among Phases
4.4 Mass Transfer in a Gas-Stirred Ladle
4.5 Mixing vs. Mass Transfer Control
References

Appendix 4.1

Chapter 5 : Deoxidation of Liquid Steel

5.1 Thermodynamics of Deoxidation of Molten Steel
5.2 Kinetics of the Deoxidation of Molten Steel
5.3 Deoxidation in Industry
References

Appendix 5.1

Chapter 6 : Degassing and Decarburization of Liquid Steel
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermodynamics of Reactions in Vacuum Degassing
6.3 Fluid Flow and Mixing in Vacuum Degassing
6.4 Rates of Vacuum Degassing and Decarburization
6.5 Decarburization for Ultra-Low Carbon (ULC) and Stainless Steel
References

Chapter 7 : Desulfurization in Secondary Steelmaking
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermodynamic Aspects
7.3 Desulfurization with Only Top Slag
7.4 Injection Metallurgy for Desulfurization
References

Chapter 8 : Miscellaneous Topics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Gas Absorption during Tapping and Teeming from Surrounding Atmosphere
8.3 Temperature Changes of Molten Steel during Secondary Steelmaking
8.4 Phosphorus Control in Secondary Steelmaking
8.5 Nitrogen Control in Steelmaking
8.6 Application of Magnetohydrodynamics
References

Chapter 9 : Inclusions and Inclusion Modification
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Influence of Inclusions on the Mechanical Properties of Steel
9.3 Inclusion Identification and Cleanliness Assessment
9.4 Origin of Nonmetallic Inclusions
9.5 Formation of Inclusions during Solidification
9.6 Inclusion Modification
References

Chapter 10 : Clean Steel Technology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Summary of Earlier Chapters
10.3 Refractories for Secondary Steelmaking
10.4 Tundish Metallurgy for Clean Steel
References

Chapter 11 : Modeling of Secondary Steelmaking Processes
Dipak Mazumdar, Ph.D.
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Modeling Techniques
11.3 Modeling Turbulent Fluid Flow Phenomena
11.4 Modeling of Material and Thermal Mixing Phenomena
11.5 Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer between Solid Additions and Liquid Steel
11.6 Numerical Considerations
11.7 Concluding Remarks
References

Index